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Famous Comets and Their Effects

Halley’s Comet

Halley’s Comet is a short-period comet, orbiting the Sun approximately every 76 years. Named after Edmond Halley, it has been observed since ancient times. Its last perihelion was 9 Feb 1986 and the next will be 28 July 2061.

Physical Characteristics

• Nucleus: ~15 km × 8 km
• Composition: dust, rock, frozen gases (water, CO, CO₂, ammonia, methane)
• Produces a coma and tail when near the Sun

Effects on Earth

• Meteor showers: Eta Aquariids (May) and Orionids (Oct) caused by comet debris
• No gravitational or atmospheric effects
• Next approach in 2061 is safe (~13 million km away)

Effects on Society

• Ancient omens and superstition (e.g., 1066 Battle of Hastings)
• Scientific inspiration: Edmond Halley predicted its return, advancing astronomy
• Art and literature: Bayeux Tapestry, Shakespeare references
• Modern engagement: media coverage, astronomy education, public fascination

Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1)

Discovered in 1995, Hale–Bopp became visible to the naked eye for 18 months. Closest approach to Earth was 1.3 AU in April 1997.

Physical / Scientific Effects

• No threat to Earth
• Studied for nucleus activity, solar wind interaction, dust composition

Societal Effects

• Global media sensation, inspiring public observation and photography
• Heaven’s Gate cult tragedy highlighted psychological effects
• Stimulated astronomy education and outreach

Comet	Physical Effects	Societal Effects
Halley	Safe; meteor showers; studied scientifically	Ancient omens; art/literature; public engagement
Hale–Bopp	Safe; studied scientifically	Global media; public fascination; cult-related incident; astronomy education